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Path Integrals in Physics Volume II

In the second volume of this book (chapters 3 and 4) we proceed to discuss path-integral applications for the study of systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. An appropriate description of such systems requires the use of second quantization, and hence, field theoretical methods. The starting point will be the quantum-mechanical phase-space path integrals studied in volume I, which we suitably generalize for the quantization of field theories. One of the central topics of chapter 3 is the formulation of the celebrated Feynman diagram technique for the perturbation expansion in the case of field theories with constraints (gauge-field theories), which describe all the fundamental interactions in elementary particle physics. However, the important applications of path integrals in quantum field theory go far beyond just a convenient derivation of the perturbation theory rules. We shall consider, in this volume, various modern non-perturbative methods for calculations in field theory, such as variational methods, the description of topologically non-trivial field configurations, the quantization of extended objects (solitons and instantons), the 1/N-expansion and the calculation of quantum anomalies. In addition, the last section of chapter 3 contains elements of some advanced and currently developing applications of the path-integral technique in the theory of quantum gravity, cosmology, black holes and in string theory.

Идеальный руководитель

Книга, которую вы держите в руках, написана одним из самых влиятельных специалистов нашего времени по менеджменту. Но Ицхак Адизес еще и очень интересный человек. Его взгляды на менеджмент и людей, занятых управленческой деятельностью, складывались на протяжении десятилетий, богатых разнообразными и подчас трагическими событиями.

Algebra tenglamalar yechish

Ushbu qo 'llanma sodda va murakkab algebraik tenglamalar, ко ‘phadlar va funksional tenglamalarni yechish bo 'yicha dastur asosida akademik litsey va kasb-hunar kollejlari uchun tuzilgan. Unda mavzuga oid amaliy masalalar avvalo yechib ко‘rsatilgan va mustaqil yechish uchun shunga monand misol, masalalar berilgan. Qo ‘llanmada DTM axborotnomalari savollaridan va mavzuga oid adabiyotlardan foydalanilgan.

PARTICLE PHYSICS AND INFLATIONARY COSMOLOGY

This is the LaTeX version of my book “Particle Physics and Inflationary Cosmology” (Harwood, Chur, Switzerland, 1990). I decided to put it to hep-th, to make it easily available. Many things happened during the 15 years since the time when it was written. In particular, we have learned a lot about the high temperature behavior in the electroweak theory and about baryogenesis. A discovery of the acceleration of the universe has changed the way we are thinking about the problem of the vacuum energy: Instead of trying to explain why it is zero, we are trying to understand why it is anomalously small. Recent cosmological observations have shown that the universe is flat, or almost exactly flat, and confirmed many other predictions of inflationary theory. Many new versions of this theory have been developed, including hybrid inflation and inflationary models based on string theory. There was a substantial progress in the theory of reheating of the universe after inflation, and in the theory of eternal inflation.

Nuclear and Particle Physics

Fission of radioactive elements was already well established in the early part of the century, and activation by neutrons, to generate more unstable isotopes, was investigated before fission of natural isotopes was seen. The inverse process, fusion, was understood somewhat later, and Niels Bohr developped a model describing the nucleus as a fluid drop. This model - the collective model - was further developped by his son Aage Bohr and Ben Mottelson. A very different model of the nucleus, the shell model, was designed by Maria GoeppertMayer and Hans Jensen in 1952, concentrating on individual nucleons. The dichotomy between a description as individual particles and as a collective whole characterises much of “low-energy” nuclear physics.

Gente Como Uno Class, Belonging, and Transnationalism in Jewish Life in Lima

The research behind Gente como Uno: Class, Belonging, and Transnationalism in Jewish Life in Lima was made possible by a grant from the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture.

A Dictionary of Astronomy

A book like this would not exist without its contributors. My grateful thanks go to those listed on p. vi, who wrote their entries skilfully and then had to endure what must at times have seemed a near-endless stream of editorial queries. My thanks go also to those staff members of observatories who provided information on their facilities. I owe a special debt to those who freely helped in tracking down biographical information, notably John Woodruff, Christof Plicht, and Thomas R. Williams. As ever, the resources of the Royal Astronomical Society proved invaluable, and the help of its librarian, Peter Hingley, is gratefully acknowledged.

Мани, или Азбука денег

И все же большинству людей постоянно не хватает денег. Между их мечтами и реальной жизнью – пропасть. И они считают это совершенно нормальным. Я решил покончить с этим заблуждением и написал книгу «Путь к финансовой свободе», где последовательно изложил советы своего наставника, ведущие к богатству. Эта книга позволит вам уже через семь лет заработать свой первый миллион

Hungry Translations Relearning the World through Radical Vulnerability

The hunger Richa Nagar explores with her co-travelers in Hungry Translations: Relearning the World through Radical Vulnerability resonates with my hunger for innovative, transformational scholarship, knowledge production, and com- munity—a hunger that compelled me to initiate this book series.

Optimization Algorithms in Physics

This book is an interdisciplinary book: it tries to teach physicists the basic knowledge of combinatorial and stochastic optimization and describes to the computer scientists physical problems and theoretical models in which their optimization algorithms are needed. It is a unique book since it describes theoretical models and practical situation in physics in which optimization problems occur, and it explains from a physicists point of view the sophisticated and highly efficient algorithmic techniques that otherwise can only be found specialized computer science textbooks or even just in research journals. Traditionally, there has always been a strong scientific interaction between physicists and mathematicians in developing physics theories. However, even though numerical computations are now commonplace in physics, no comparable interaction between physicists and computer scientists has been developed. Over the last three decades the design and the analysis of algorithms for decision and optimization problems have evolved rapidly. Most of the active transfer of the results was to economics and engineering and many algorithmic developments were motivated by applications in these areas.

HANDBOOK OF OPTICAL MATERIALS

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

THIS book is intended to convey information concerning the practical application of optical principles. In recent years optical instruments and optical components have been used increasingly in scientific and industrial work, and it has become evident that there are still many who may not be familiar with optical technique. It was felt, therefore, that if the latter was explained in practical and concise form, this might prove helpful both to the student and to the industrial physicist. It is a well-known truism that theory should be supported by experimental verification, and to this end experiments and optical working models are set out in some detail in these pages, so as to enable the theoretical principles to be grasped and also to enable one to understand better the action of the lenses and prisms, etc., often hidden by the external tubes or casings of the finished instrument.

МАНСАБ СОХТАКОРЛИГИГА ҚАРШИ КУРАШНИНГ ЖИНОЯТ-ҲУҚУҚИЙ ВА КРИМИНОЛОГИК ЖИҲАТЛАРИ

Жаҳонда мансаб сохтакорлигининг жиноят-ҳуқуқий ва криминологик жиҳатлари, жиноятчи шахсининг хусусиятлари, жиноятнинг мотиви, ҳужжатларни калбакилаштириш усули ёки воситаси, мазкур қилмишларнинг олдини олишга қаратилган тадқиқотлар муҳим аҳамият касб этмоқда. Боиси, расмий ҳужжатларга била туриб, сохта маълумотлар ёки ёзувлар киритилиши, ҳужжатларнинг қалбакилаштирилиши ёки била туриб, сохта ҳужжатлар тузилиши ва тақдим этилиши натижасида давлат органлари ва маҳаллий ўзини ўзи бошқариш органларининг нормал фаолияти издан чиқади, ижтимоий хавфлилик даражаси юқори бўлган бошқа жиноятлар содир этилиши ёки уларнинг яширилиши анча осонлашади

Optical Metrology

This edition of Optical Metrology contains a new chapter about computerized optical processes, including digital holography and digital speckle photography. Chapter 2, on Gaussian optics, and Chapter 5, on light sources and detectors, are greatly expanded to include descriptions of standard imaging systems, light-emitting diodes and solid-state detectors. Separate new sections on optical coherence tomography, speckle correlation, the Fast Fourier Transform, temporal phase unwrapping and fibre Bragg sensors are included. Finally, a new appendix about Fourier series is given. Solutions to the end-of-chapter problems can be found at http://www.wiley.co.uk/opticalmetrology. Since the previous edition, the electronic camera has taken over more and more as the recording medium. The word ‘digital’ is becoming a prefix to an increasing number of techniques. I think this new edition reflects this trend. It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge the many stimulating discussions with Professor H.M. Pedersen at The Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Thanks also to John Petter Gasvik for designing many of the new figures.

Фуқаролик жамияти: Генезиси, шаклланиши ва ривожланиши

Китобда Ўзбекистонда «Кучли давлатдан — кучли фуқаролик жамияти сари» тамойили асосида жамиятни янгилаш ва янада демократлаштириш ислоҳотлари, мамлакатда фуқаролик жамиятининг институтлари — сиёсий партиялар, нодавлат нотижорат ташкилотлар, ўзини ўзи бошқариш органлари, демократик сайловлар, оммавий ахборот воситалари кабиларнинг хорижий тажрибалар, халқаро тамойиллар ва миллий анъаналар уйғунлиги асосидаги ва миллий манфаатларни ифода этган ҳолдаги ривожланиши таҳлил этилади.

Оммавий маданият: таъриф, таҳлил, аксилтехнологиялар

Ушбу китоб ««Оммавий маданият»нинг салбий оқибатлари олдини олиш ва бартараф этиш усуллари ва технологиялари» номли давлат гранти ва Ўзбекистон Республикаси Вазирлар Маҳкамасининг ҳузуридаги Фан ва технология тадқиқотларини мувофиқлаштириш Қўмитасининг «ИТД-1 Жамиятни маънавий-аҳлоқий ва маданий ривожланиши.