In this training manual, the structure of courts of first instance, their primary functions, and legal powers are examined in detail. The manual explains how judicial proceedings are initiated, conducted, and concluded; the legal status of participants in court hearings; as well as the processes of collecting, examining, evaluating, and applying evidence during trial. Furthermore, it outlines the principles and criteria upon which judges base their decisions, the procedure for delivering a judgment, and the methods used to substantiate judicial rulings. The manual links theory with practice by providing practical examples and analyses of real cases drawn from judicial experience. This training manual is intended for students, researchers, legal practitioners, and a broad readership interested in issues related to judicial proceedings and court judgments. Recommended for publication pursuant to the Order of the Republic of Uzbekistan.